How are drones used on war? drones ruled the war

The main military UAV in Ukraine is the Baika "Flagman" TB2 UAV manufactured by Türkiye. It is the size of a small airplane, equipped with cameras, and can be fitted with laser guided bombs.

Dr. Jack Watling from the think tank organization Rusi said that Ukraine had "less than 50" such drones at the beginning of the war.

He said that Russia mainly uses the "smaller and more basic" Orlan-10 unmanned aerial vehicle. At the beginning of the war, Russia had about a few thousand of these aircraft, and now there may be a few hundred left, "he said. This type of drone also has cameras and can launch missiles.

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Bayraktar TB2 drone graphic

How effective are military drones?

The biggest function of both sides' drones is to search for enemy targets and launch guided artillery attacks on these targets.

The Russian military is able to aim its guns at the enemy within three to five minutes after a Seahawk 10 drone detects a target, "Dr. Watling said. Without drones, executing such an attack may take 20 to 30 minutes.

Dr. Martina Miron, a defense researcher at King's College London, said that drones have allowed Ukraine's limited military to expand.

In the past, if you wanted to find the enemy's location, you had to send a special task force, and you might lose some troops, "she said." Now, your risk is just a drone

Image source of the Russian Seahawk 10 drone, EPA

Image annotation text, Russian Seahawk 10 drone can aim artillery fire at enemy positions within minutes

In the first few weeks of the war, Ukraine's Baikal drones received widespread praise.

The outside world saw them attacking targets such as ammunition depots and playing a role in the sinking of the Moscow (warship), "Dr. Miren said.

However, many Baikal drones have been destroyed by the Russian air defense system.

They are very large, move relatively slowly, and only fly at moderate altitudes, which makes them easy to shoot down, "Dr. Watling said.

The role of non military drones

The replacement cost of military drones is high - the cost of a Baikal "Flag Bearer" TB2 drone is approximately $2 million (£ 1.7 million).

So, both sides of the war, especially Ukraine, are turning to small commercial aircraft, such as the DJI Mavic 3 drone, which costs around £ 1700.

Graphic showing DJI Mavic 3 drone and its specifications

A Ukrainian drone manufacturer estimates that the country's military has 6000 drones, but this information cannot be confirmed.

Commercial drones can be equipped with small bombs.

However, they are mainly used for detecting enemy armies and direct attacks.

Ukraine does not have as much ammunition as Russia, "Dr. Mirren said." Having an 'eye in the air' to search for targets and conduct direct artillery attacks means they can better use what they have at their disposal

However, the power of commercial drones is much inferior to that of military drones.

The DJI Yu series drones have a range of only 30 kilometers and can only fly for 46 minutes.

Cheaper and smaller aircraft models have even shorter flight times and distances.

How can both sides defend against drones?

Dr. Mirren said that Russia uses radar to defend against military drones and electronic instruments to defend against commercial drones.

The Russian military has electromagnetic guns that can shoot electromagnetic pulses, "she said. This can prevent commercial drones from using Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation.

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Video caption, Ukrainian war: BBC reporter visits secret training base of Ukrainian international corps

The Russian military also uses online systems such as Aeroscope to detect and intercept communication between commercial drones and operators.

It can cause the drone to crash or return to base, and also prevent it from transmitting information back.

According to a report by the Royal United Institute, Ukrainian drones can only barely last for a week.

Who is providing drones?

According to the White House, Russia is now buying Shahid drones from Iran. The Houthi rebels in Yemen have used this aircraft to attack targets in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

The United States is providing Ukraine with approximately 700 Spring Knife "Kamikaze" unmanned aerial vehicles.

These drones are equipped with explosives and will roam in the air until they find their target.

Graphic showing how Switchblade drones are launched, and how they attack enemy targets

Elon Musk's SpaceX is providing Ukraine with its Starlink satellite communication system. This creates a secure communication medium for commercial inorganic and operators.

DJI has currently stopped providing drones to Russia and Ukraine.

How does Ukraine pay for drones?

Ukraine has launched a crowdfunding project to purchase 200 military drones.

In addition to large drones like the (Baikal) TB2, they are also looking for small fixed wing reconnaissance drones, "Dr. Watling said.

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The Ukrainian winner of the Eurovision Song Contest, Kalush Orchestra, donated $900000 (£ 712000) from the sale of their trophy to a drone crowdfunding project. The latter will use this donation to purchase three Ukrainian made PD-2 drones.

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